Monday, 30 December 2013

Trees


In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting leaves or branches.
In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants, only plants that are usable as lumber or only plants above a specified height. At its broadest, trees include the tallerpalms, the tree ferns, bananas and bamboo.

A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk. This trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier. Below the ground, the roots branch and spread out widely; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil. Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy by photosynthesis, providing the food needed by the tree for its growth and development.

Flowers and fruit may also be present, but some trees such as conifers instead have pollen cones and seed cones, and others such as tree ferns produce spores instead.
Trees tend to be long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old. The tallest known specimen on Earth is 115.6 m (379 ft) and they have a theoretical maximum height of 130 m (426 ft). Trees have been in existence on the Earth for 370 million years. Trees are not a taxonomic group but are a number of plant species that have independently evolved a woody trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants and make full use of the sunlight.

Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate. They remove carbon dioxidefrom the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues. Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants. Tropical rainforests are one of the most biodiverse habitats in the world. Trees provide shade and shelter, timber for construction, fuel for cooking and heating, and fruit for food as well as having many other uses. In parts of the world, forests are shrinking as trees are cleared to increase the amount of land available for agriculture. Because of their longevity and usefulness, trees have always been revered and they play a role in many of the world'smythologies.

Wednesday, 18 December 2013

A Long Travel 3 Part 1

Chapter 3

(First day in the UK)
I woke up with the hitting sunlight to my face. It was sunny and warm, in fact... hot. Today is my first day in the UK. I don't want to spend all my time in hotel. If i came here, i must spend all my time in the best way possible. Yesterday evening i wrote at a
paper about that everything i'll do tomorrow. I took that paper. Likely i'm going to London Big Ben. I've never seen Big Ben. Then i'm going to Hyde Park and i'll turn back. They're enough for my first day in the UK. And also i'm here because of my mum's thought 'Your English level will be better there than present.' so i must have practice, it doesn't mean i must travel. I think my day's starting. I was prepared and i went out. I had a blue backpack on my back, i was holding a guide and i have a photgraph machine on my neck. I was lacking only "I AM A TOURIST" sign on my forehead . I think i should wear a t-shirt that writing 'I'm not a toursit' on it.


 I could understand people's thoughts in their eye. I think they're too cold. I never say because they are my nationality but Turkish people are really warm people. If i get lost, i can find my home easily because they are so helpful. But here is... If you've any accent, people are looking comically to you. I think i'll use metro today. The UK has a really big metro network. "If you're new here,  you shouldn't forget 'your hotel should be near to metro network'. " I read this sentences on the net but i couldn't understand; i understand barely, it is important to stay in a hotel near the metro network. Because you can go everywhere with highway. I got on the metro. I was trying to memorize the London map. After a short time i looked at the screen, i saw in  which stop the metro is. I'll get off Westminster Stop but the metro is at Embankment Stop. I mean i lost my stop. I got off right away. I was trying to understand where i am. It was too difficult for me but finally i found where i am. I just missed a stop. 'It isn't a problem, i can find my way.' I need to go ahead but there is a boat across the bridge. I went Jubille Bridge and i saw Festival Pier. I thought "It isn't so important if i exchange the program for once. I'm the boss, right?" Whatever, when i went to the Festival Pier, i saw a lot of people in the river boat. The pier is used for summer leisure cruises between Westminster and Greenwich opperated by City Cruises. I looked my map and thought my plans. And i said, 'whose care?'.

Thursday, 12 December 2013

A Day In John's Life




It was a beautiful day. John was riding his bicycle. It was Sunday. So, he was allowed to ride his bicycle as long as he liked. He was also allowed to play computer games but he didn’t want to stay indoors on such a beautiful day.  On the way he met his cousin, Bill, who was also cycling. They had a happy life in the countryside. The school was 5 km from the village. Bill: Shall we ride as far as the school and back? John: But school is closed, you know. Bill: We will ride for fun. John: Well. Why not?



Then they began cycling to school. It took them only five minutes. They met some friends at the school garden. They were playing basketball. They asked John and Bill to join them. Bill was willing to play. He liked playing basketball and he was good at it. However, John didn’t want to play. “There are too many rules in this game”, he always said. But now he thought to himself, “Bill is going to play and if he joins the game I will have to play too. If I don’t play, Bill will be upset, but I don’t want to upset him.” So they both joined the game. It was enjoyable and exciting for Bill boring and difficult for John. Then the game was over and Bill’s team was the winner. His team-mates (=friends) were carrying Bill on their shoulders because he had played very well and enabled them to win. John was in the loser’s team but he wasn’t unhappy. On the contrary, he was happy because Bill was happy.

Then John told Bill, “How about a race back to the village? I am sure I will beat you in that” In reply to this challenge Bill said, “No, you can’t. I can beat you in cycling too”. Then an exciting race began. At first Bill was Bill was cycling faster than John. John, who was a famous cyclist, didn’t want to be the loser this time. So, he stepped harder on the pedals. He got faster and faster. Finally he could pass Bill and he was the first to reach the village; he was the winner. John was happy. Bill wasn’t unhappy.




It was almost the evening when they reached the village. John invited Bill for dinner. Bill happily accepted his invitation because he loved his aunt’s meals. When they reached home they were surprised to find that Bill’s family was also there. John’s father had invited them for dinner. After dinner, they began to talk. The boys told their parents about the day. It was exciting for them and enjoyable for their parents.

At 10.00 pm, John went home with his family. He would go to school tomorrow. So would Bill.
 They needed sleep. It had been a beautiful but tiring day.

Thursday, 5 December 2013

A Long Travel 2


Chapter 2
(My mother and i are at the airport. My plane is ready to departure.)
Me: Mom you may go i can stay alone also i’ll be alone in there.
My Mother: Because of that Sueda, i don’t want to leave you already!
My mother seems sad, i thought ‘was she regretful?’ She is just as addicted to me as i'm to her. But when she gave the ticket, she was relaxed. Maybe she was just srtaring to realize? I took a deep breath. I think i was just starting to realize…  
(After 4 hours, when i arrived in Londra, i was too excited. It is 7 pm.)
Heatrow airport was too big. I was afraid that to get lost. I took a deeply breath and i said to myself ‘Be brave’ I found a bus. The bus’s name is National Express. You must get used to it here. You are in the UK. The bus is not big it’s medium-sized. I was going to  hotel with the bus. When i was going, i was looking out of the window. I wasn’t accustomed to here, to be in a overseas. Where are you mumy? I miss you so much already!
I came to my stop, i entered the hotel. The hotel's name is Double Tree by Hilton London-West End. The hotel was too big. I rented a room for a month. It is 8. Am i ready for this adventure? It doesn’t matter anymore. I can’t go back. The people are cold. Where are you my warm nation's people? I took a guide about London. I planned places that i’ll go tomorrow. To have a plan is good. You know what you should do or you shouldn’t do… It’s 10 pm. It was such a tiring day. I don’t know how this long month  will pass?.. I fell asleep with this thought.



Friday, 29 November 2013

A Long Travel


Chapter 1
(Everything started with my mum’s buying a ticket for England.)
Dear Pessimistic,
Last week my mother said that ‘You should go to overseas because you need experience, i think your English level will be better than present.’ I never think about that until today because i think it’s craziness. I never go to anywhere without my mother! I’m too addicted to my home and my mother! I know you’ll say ‘what happened today?’ I say, today i went to school and came back, i did my homeworks innocently. Then my sweet mother came from work. When she came, she was smiling. And she said ‘I have a suprise, i think you’ll like it!’ I was curious. ‘What, what is it mumy?’ She smiled subtly. ‘After dinner honey, i’m too hungry!’ I couldn’t be patient, you know Pess i’m always impatient. Whatever; my mother ate dinner and it was time to learn news. ‘Sueda today i took a ticket to England it’s in three days at 3 pm.’ She was calm and i was shocked. Pessimistic in your opinion what should i do? I mean should i go or shouldn’t i go? It is 11 pm. I should sleep. I think morning with clean mind, i can decide more easily.
(After two days, my mother comes my room in the morning.)
My Mother: ‘Time to wake up my sleepy doughter!’
Me: Mom, 5 more minutes…
My Mother: No, i know very well these 5 minutes! And also we have to prepare your suitcase! We are too late!
Me (with a sleeply voice) : For what mumy? I think for sleep…
My Mother: Do you forget Sueda? Your plane’s flying 7 hours later?
Is it a joke?



Wednesday, 27 November 2013

History of Books


The history of the book is an academic discipline that studies the production, transmission, circulation and dissemination of text from antiquity to the present day. The scope of the history of the book, or book history as it is also known, includes the history of ideas, history of religion, bibliography as well as practices of conservation and curation.


Origins and antiquity

Writing is a system of linguistic symbols which permit one to transmit and conserve information. Writing appears to have developed between the 7th millennium BC and the 4th millennium BC, first in the form of early mnemonic symbols which became a system of ideograms or pictographs through simplification. The oldest known forms of writing were thus primarily logographic in nature. Later syllabic and alphabetic or segmental writing emerged.
The book is also linked to the desire of humans to create lasting records. Stones could be the most ancient form of writing, butwood would be the first medium to take the guise of a book. The words biblos and liber first meant "fibre inside of a tree". In Chinese, the character that means book is an image of a tablet of bamboo. Wooden tablets (Rongorongo) were also made onEaster Island.
Silk, in China, was also a base for writing. Writing was done with brushes. Many other materials were used as bases: bone, bronze, pottery, shell, etc. In India, for example, dried palm tree leaves were used; in Mesoamerica another type of plant,Amate. Any material which will hold and transmit text is a candidate for use in bookmaking.

Clay Tablets
Clay tablets were used in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. The calamus, an instrument in the form of a triangle, was used to make characters in moist clay. The tablets were fired to dry them out. At Nineveh, 22,000 tablets were found, dating from the 7th century BC; this was the archive and library of the kings of Assyria, who had workshops of copyists and conservationists at their disposal. This presupposes a degree of organization with respect to books, consideration given to conservation, classification, etc. Tablets were used right up until the 19th century in various parts of the world, including Germany, Chile, and the Saharan Desert.


Wax Tablets
Romans used wax-coated wooden tablets (pugillares) upon which they could write and erase by using a stylus. One end of the stylus was pointed, and the other was spherical. Usually these tablets were used for everyday purposes (accounting, notes) and for teaching writing to children, according to the methods discussed by Quintilian in his Institutio Oratoria X Chapter 3. Several of these tablets could be assembled in a form similar to a codex. Also the etymology of the word codex (block of wood) suggest that it may have developed from wooden wax tablets.

Printing press
The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440 marks the entry of the book into the industrial age. The Western book was no longer a single object, written or reproduced by request. The publication of a book became an enterprise, requiring capital for its realization and a market for its distribution. The cost of each individual book (in a large edition) was lowered enormously, which in turn increased the distribution of books. The book in codex form and printed on paper, as we know it today, dates from the 15th century. Books printed before January 1, 1501, are called incunables. The spreading of book printing all over Europe occurred relatively quickly, but most books were still printed in Latin. The spreading of the concept of printing books in the vernacular was a somewhat slower process.



E-Resources
It is difficult to predict the future of the book. A good deal of reference material, designed for direct access instead of sequential reading, as for example encyclopedias, exists less and less in for the form of books and increasingly on the web. Leisure reading materials are increasingly published in e-reader formats.
Although electronic books, or e-books, had limited success in the early years, and readers were resistant at the outset, the demand for books in this format has grown dramatically, primarily because of the popularity of e-reader devices and as the number of available titles in this format has increased. Another important factor in the increasing popularity of the e-reader is its continuous diversification. Many e-readers now support basic operating systems, which facilitate email and other simple functions. The iPad is the most obvious example of this trend, but even mobile phones can host e-reading software.
E-book readers such as the Sony Reader, Barnes & Noble's Nook, and the Amazon Kindle have increased in popularity each time a new upgraded version is released. The Kindle in particular has captured public attention not only for the quality of the reading experience but also because users can access books (as well as periodicals and newspapers) wirelessly online (a feature now available in all other e-reader devices). Apple has also entered this arena with applications for the iPhone and iPad which enable e-book reading.


Saturday, 23 November 2013

Information


Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system that can interpret the information.

Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed. Therefore, in a general sense, information is "Knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance", or rather, information is an answer to a question.[citation needed] Information cannot be predicted and resolves uncertainty. The uncertainty of an event is measured by its probability of occurrence and is inversely proportional to that. The more uncertain an event, the more information is required to resolve uncertainty of that event. The amount of information is measured in bits.
Example: information in one "fair" coin flip: log2(2/1) = 1 bit, and in two fair coin flips is log2(4/1) = 2 bits.
The concept that information is the message has different meanings in different contexts.
 Thus the concept of information becomes closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning,understanding, mental stimuli, pattern, perception, representation, and entropy.

Wednesday, 20 November 2013

History of Paper



Paper was invented by the ancient Chinese in the 2nd century BC during the Han Dynasty and spread slowly to the west via the Silk Road. Papermaking and manufacturing in Europe started in the Iberian Peninsula, today's Portugal and Spain and Sicily in the 10th century, and spread to Italy and South France reaching Germanyby 1400. Earlier, other paper-like materials were in use like papyrus, parchment and vellum.
In medieval Europe, the hitherto handcraft of papermaking was mechanized by the use of waterpower, the first water papermill in the Iberian Peninsula having been built in the Portuguese city of Leiria in 1411, and other processes. The rapid expansion of European paper production was truly enhanced by the invention of the printing press and the beginning of the Printing Revolution in the 15th century.
The word "paper" is etymologically derived from papyros, Ancient Greek for theCyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean cultures for writing long before the making of paper in China. Papyrus however is a "lamination of natural plants, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration or disintegration.

Tuesday, 19 November 2013

Image


An image (from Latin: imago) is an artifact that depicts or records visual perception, for example a two-dimensional picture, that has a similar appearance to some subject – usually a physical object or a person, thus providing a depiction of it.

Capturing an image of the environment with a mobile phone camera

Characteristics

Images may be two-dimensional, such as a photograph, screen display, and as well as a three-dimensional, such as a statue or hologram. They may be captured by optical devices – such as cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces.
The word image is also used in the broader sense of any two-dimensional figure such as a map, a graph, a pie chart, or an abstract painting. In this wider sense, images can also berendered manually, such as by drawing, painting, carving, rendered automatically by printing or computer graphics technology, or developed by a combination of methods, especially in a pseudo-photograph.
A volatile image is one that exists only for a short period of time. This may be a reflection of an object by a mirror, a projection of a camera obscura, or a scene displayed on a cathode ray tube. A fixed image, also called a hard copy, is one that has been recorded on a material object, such as paper or textile by photography or any other digital process.
A mental image exists in an individual's mind. Like something one remembers or imagines. The subject of an image need not be real; it may be an abstract concept, such as a graph, function, or "imaginary" entity. For example, Sigmund Freud claimed to have dreamed purely in aural-images of dialogs. The development of synthetic acoustic technologies and the creation of sound art have led to a consideration of the possibilities of a sound-image made up of irreducible phonic substance beyond linguistic or musicological analysis.
A still image is a single static image, as distinguished from a kinetic image (see below). This phrase is used in photography, visual media and the computer industry to emphasize that one is not talking about movies, or in very precise or pedantic technical writing such as a standard.
A film still is a photograph taken on the set of a movie or television program during production, used for promotional purposes.


The top image is captured using photography. The bottom image isrendered. Images are produced by capturing or rendering.

Imagery (literary term)

Imagery is in literature a "mental picture" which appeals to the senses. It can both be figurative and literal.

Moving image

A moving image is typically a movie (film) or video, including digital video. It could also be an animated display such as a zoetrope.



Saturday, 16 November 2013

Popcorn! Really? Popcorn!?

Popcorn! How in the world did I get the idea to write about popcorn? Seriously! I like a good bowl of popcorn from time to time. There is nothing like the smell that fills the room, the creamy butter that you can melt and dump on top of the lonely little white kernels, and every once in a while you get that annoying piece stuck on the back of your throat and you honestly feel like you are going to die because you can't cough enough to get it off your throbbing tonsils. I have always eaten popcorn the same way. Lots of Butter, and medium salt. That's my normal menu when it comes to popcorn. But this month my popcorn world was flipped upside down. I went to a popcorn stand that I thought was just the normal popcorn, but when I took my first bite, something amazing happened in my field of taste buds. It was no normal piece of popcorn, not even close! It was this amazing burst of creamy ranch flavor that I was not expecting, but after I finished my bag I was shocked! I was excited! I was pumped up and couldn't wait to get another bag of that flavor of popcorn. So here is the flavor I am trying to pour on you today. When life seems to be the same day after day, don't be afraid to switch up the flavor. There are so many things that life has to offer, and so many opportunities, but sometimes it means switching your flavor.

Citation: http://pastorkevinwilson.blogspot.com/?expref=next-blog

Elephant

The class teacher asks students to name an animal that begins with an “E”. One boy says, “Elephant.”
Then the teacher asks for an animal that begins with a “T”. The same boy says, “Two elephants.”
The teacher sends the boy out of the class for bad behavior. After that she asks for an animal beginning with “M”.
The boy shouts from the other side of the wall: “Maybe an elephant!”

Writing Letters to Son

One student fell into a cycle of classes, studying, working and sleeping.

Didn't realize how long he had neglected writing home until he received the following note:

"Dear Son, Your mother and I enjoyed your last letter. Of course, we were much younger then, and more impressionable. Love, Dad."



History of Mobile Phones


The history focuses on communication devices which connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network. Thetransmission of speech by radio has a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony. The first mobile telephones were barely portable compared to today's compact hand-held devices. Along with the process of developing more portable technology, drastic changes have taken place in the networking of wireless communication and the prevalence of its use.


Handheld mobile phone

Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles. Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On 3 April 1973 when Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kg and measured 23 cm long, 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.
John F. Mitchell, Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.

Digital cellular networks – 2G

Main articles: 2G, 2.5G, and 2.75G

Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.
In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels.
In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard. The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had apps, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA1.8 MB memory card into the phone.
Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny 100 – 200 gramhand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life whilst on the move.

Personal Handy-phone System mobiles and modems used in Japan around 1997–2003
The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice amongst the young, a trend which spread across all ages.
2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.
Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart.
The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.

Mobile broadband data – 3G

Main article: 3G
As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to utilize mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data (such as access to browse the internet) was growing. Furthermore, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission. In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).
Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility:
·         Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s
·         Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time
·         Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot
·         Introduction of QoS flags
All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.

The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.
During the development of 3G systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the EDGEsystem which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.
The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible, with companies such as RealNetworks and Disney among the early pioneers in this type of offering.
In the mid-2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access(HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards.
By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation.
Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile internet. The first such devices, known as "dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router" such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.
Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless internet, and Apple Computer had announced plans for embedded wireless internet on its iPad tablet devices beginning that Fall.

Native IP networks – 4G

Main article: 4G
By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by Telia Sonera.
One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.

Satellite mobile

Main article: Satellite phone
Earth-orbiting satellites can cover remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic. The Inmarsat satellite telephone system, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, is now also useful for areas out of reach of landline, conventional cellular, or marine VHF radio stations. In 1998 the Iridium satellite system was set up, and although the initial operating company went bankrupt due to high initial expenses, the service is available today.